落尘小说

Chapter 8 The future of cell research（第1页）

Chapter8Thefutureofcellresearch

Thewholecellissiderablymorethahewparts。Thesamealsobesaidaboutthegeheidentifioftheblueprintforindividualmolepohedertakeionthatarigorouscharacterizationofallofthepartsseparatelywillleadtofthewhole。Thisisasystemofiioionism，whichhasbeenadominantphilosophyinbiologivestigationfordecades。However，justtoidentifythemolecularpartsofthepuzzleisnotgoingtotellushoorksifwedoherulesfortheirassembly。Thisrequiresthedevelopmentofapproavestigate‘systemsbiology’or‘bioplexity’，asaparadigmshift（i。e。‘thinkihebox’）inbiologicalresearch，whereinthegeistouhecolleteraultiplemolecularprootonlywithiself，butalsoatthetissue，an，andahebottomlihemoleculesdrivethecelltodrivetheanism，ordaheditsmolereality，suterasliesomewherebetweenthecellrespondingtoitsimmediatee，balathetrolsofgeneexpression。

Therearemaingareasofreseartoeiandingofhowcellularbehaviourgesodramaticallyaftersubtlegesatthelevelofgenesaherapproachesusecellstocureadisease，forextraetals，thebreakdowroleumproducts，httoproducebiofuels。Equallyfasgareoureffortstothetiduhebiologybehihischapterwebrieflyexamihesefuturediredhowtheymightevolve。

Systemsbiology

thepleteDNAsequeafewhumans。idlyinguandingofthebiochemiismsiheday-to-dayexistehedhowitdividesaes。Ienyears，advanmolecularteologyhaveallowedustoinduitesinthousaheirapanyingRNAsignals，andproteinprodu。Thesegeseasuredmoreorlessatthesametimeahiheknowledgeingoutofthisofteologieshasdevelopedintoitsow，knownassystemsbiology。Ithasallowedustoseemillioleiiohedifferehecell。Earlyexperimentsmohegesthatocaitissubjectedtoaknowicaldrug。Forexample，icase，adrugihitstargeteeinandst。arentnhourabilitytoahousandsofindividualgeheirproductssimultaneouslyisthatadrugalsesinthelevelsofmaeins，oftenseeminglyuheienzyme，whichmaybeincreasedorreduatdifferihismayaedrugsideeffectsbutalsoallowsthedevelopmentof‘er’morespecificpharmaceuticals。Byfurtherapplyihodologytovariousbiologicalsystems，wearestartingtodiscoverthealterationsingeneexpressionandproteiakeplagvariousbiologicalprocessessuchascelldivisionaioheseexperimeakerelativelylittletimetoperfwhattheymeanwilltakelohevastamountofdatageoiunately，analysisofthisinformationhasbeenmadepossiblebypowerfulputing。Ingly，dmyreliesonthis　insilicobiology，whiownasbioinformatics，tosolvethedifficultquestionsofbiologicalbehaviourintermsofDNAandproteinsequence。

LeroyHood，apiohisfield，suggestedabeautifulexampleofhowsystemsbiologymightworkiieheirdery，givingapinprickofblood。Whatfollowsisthefullbiochemie，andproteinanalysisofthebody’sfundhealthstate。Thisinformatiolyputedforallpossiblediseases，matchedwiththesymptoms，andtherapiesorfurthertestssuggestedallinamatterofmihisispersonalizedmedie，adreamafewyearsago，andnowonlyamatterof（uime。cerresearchersarealreadyusieinandDNAteoremelysmallnumberofcercellsthatbefoundinthebloodofapatientsufferingfromasolidtumour（asmallumourcellsareuouslyshedintotheblood，passingthroughthecapillariessupplyihegrowingtumour）。Pharmaceuticalresearchersareusihodstoihegeneraleffiewanticerdrugs。

&hedynamiatureoftheliviofollowthefateofindividualprbiologicalprocesses（forinstangstemcelldifferentiatioheabilitytotagoeinsahemiime。Previously，moleculessuchasgreeprotein（GFP）wouldbeusedaslabelsbutthistaganytimeslargerthanthemoleterest，andpossiblyisnormalactivity。Taggingisnowpossiblewithminuteinaumdots）whiall（seeFigure1）thattheypassstraightthroughthecellmembraeologyisthestrollingmatteronanatomiolecularsdieraaterialsbetween1and100raeroftwohemassiveadvantageatthisscaleistheultrafastspeedofthereas，whichareremihosefouhisgrowingareaofreseargappliedtolivihemolealysisofdisease。Futureappliswillihemianipulationoffaultygenes，buildingcellularbio-sensors，aingDNAputers。Imagiimewhenanoralmediotjustachalkypill，butwillsistofacapsulefullofnanrammedtofitheDNAofcerahreateningvirus。patientswithaeddiseasecouldbecorredaffescouldberestructuredbysurgiorobots。

Syiclife

AlllivingcellsarerelatedtoeachotherbytheiruseofthesamegeidasmallnumberofhighlyservedproteihissuggeststhatallmodernlifeevlearallivihepoheAbases，aminoadevensmallpolymersofthese—havebeehelabresoftheextremechemidphysiditioedasthehcooleddointheeraeheticentalprecursors。

eedtocreateoleculesbeforetheydivide，buttheyalsowareandalltheplexproteinsynthesismaerytogetthere。Therefore，themisforacellare:agstructure;aDNAsequeinthelenes，eagforaproteinthatplechemicalreaostimportayttheseprocessestogetherwiththeinformationtotlyreplicateitself。Fatmoleself-assembleintoprimitivemembranes，fsphericalstructurestoprotetratetheirts。Artifiescapableofassistingihesis，andfunalsynthesizedgerodutocellslaucleushavebeeedsuccessfullyiilycreatedaphotosyigalltheeovert98%ofsunlightintosugar。Thesebioteologyapplistlymimiaturallifeprocesses。illbeabletorecreateapleteilifeformislessbutsuayhelpustofurtherdefilifeis。

Growinglimbsandears

Inourowheliverisitedregeion，butboffastarfishorasalamaoihemnalsthatareusedbythesespeciesteelimbsinadultlife。Mammalsseemtoohissignallingpathwaydurihoftheearlyembryobutitisapathwaythatmayotentialtobereactivated。Follicalremoval，thewingsgrowbaembryoheproduofaproteiisswit。Freionalsotakeplacelaterinthelifewntproteiadpoleshavethisabilitybutitisnormallylostwheamorphoseints。Theexpressionofroteinaroundaninjuryisthoughttocauseareprortraionofmaturecellscapablethecelltypeshelimb。Veryyounghavebeenknrertips，andsuingpossibilitiesforhumantissueregeion。

&erence

weliveforever?Insteadold，the‘immortaljellyfish’（Turritopsisnutricula）reachessexualmaturity，thesbacktoitsjuveage（equivalenttoembryonicmaturejellyfish（medusastage），thebellsurfaddigestivealaraedintopolypswhidevelopintomaturejellyfishandsoon。Thispropertyofbypassihbyreversingitslifecycleis，sofar，uheanimalkingdom，allowingasolejellyfishtoliveandreproduitely。Fortuofthesejellyfish（theybreedevery24hours）arelosttothegeneralhazardsinthesea。

&udieshaveshownthataninsuliorproteiansplaysavitalroleinglifespan。Thisgeneisimportaiiooleraahelackofoxygen，aack。Mutationsinthisgehewormtolivetwig（albeitinlaboratorys）。Higherlevelsofaproteinthattrolstheexpressionofthisiorarealsocorrelatedwithlohewormleadsthewaytoexamiheequivalentgenesinmammalsareabletlife。Asweuahowcellsage，itmaybepossibletomahegeidmeicsofthisprocess。

Aivewayofgainingimmortalityistocreateaeofyourself。ThefirstmammaledwasDollythesheepbywayofsomatiusfer（introduucleusofaoailizedeggfollowedbysurrogatemotherhood）。Thishasledtotheprodueof‘immortal’alsingbelovedhouseholdpets。Theproblemwithproduewaiallyfromanadulthatitiheriskoftheearlyoofage-relateddiseasesingdthegrowthoftheearlyembryonicbodyhasbeeedasanewacellsourcetoprovidetherapeuticstemcellsfortransplahidpolitishavestoppedfurtherworkihemoment。

&hisplaisbasedonthegle-celledlifeformslikebacteria，yeasts，andalgaehaveevolvedovermanymilliooulticellularanimalscapable（inourownsituatitouandhowlifeitselfworks。Meticulousobservationandprofoundthinkingby19th-turybiologistshelpedustouandwhatthecellis，howeverynewcellisrelatedtoitsmothercellthroughitsgenes，andhowonecellorofevolveintonewspeciesbyadaptingtoageuheiuralsele。The20thturyhasseentheunravellingofthepohedegofthevastamountsofinformationthatliesinDNAandproteins，andaninitialgraspoftheunibetweehemoleposihe21stturywillprobablyyieldwaysofusiuralorsyocuredisease，regeofthebody，aendlifespan。Perhapswecreatecell-basedsuperputers。JustastheevolvingbaEarth’searlyhistedthechemistryofthebiosphere，similarapproachescouldbeusedtoreversetheharmwehavedoneinourgexploitationandpollutio。peure，livingsomeformorother，arelikelytosurviveandadapttotheireherhumaoseethisisratherless。